ArticleToxins2026
Anatomy-Based Botulinum Toxin Injection of the Posterior Belly of Digastric Muscle.
Article in Toxins, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The posterior belly of the digastric muscle (PBDM) has recently been suggested as a target for botulinum toxin (BoNT) treatment in facial synkinesis. However, anatomically based injection sites for the PBDM have not been established. This study aimed to identify an ideal BoNT injection site by analyzing the intramuscular nerve distribution of the PBDM and its anatomical relationships with surrounding structures. Twelve PBDM specimens were obtained bilaterally from six embalmed cadavers. Modified Sihler's staining was performed to visualize intramuscular nerve distribution. The PBDM was divided into anterior, middle, and posterior thirds, and the course and terminal branches of the facial nerve were analyzed. In all specimens, the PBDM was innervated by a single branch of the facial nerve. Nerve entry points were located in the middle third in 75% of cases and in the posterior third in 25%. Intramuscular nerve endings were most densely distributed in both the anterior and middle thirds in all specimens, whereas the posterior third showed a lower distribution (25%). The anterior and middle thirds of the PBDM appear to be the most appropriate targets for BoNT injection. The area 1 cm posterior to the angle of the mandible may serve as a practical landmark-guided injection site in clinical practice.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.