ArticleToxins2026
The Benefits of Advanced Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection Training from a Spasticity Management Fellowship.
Article in Toxins, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveResidency programs in the United States lack the necessary training for physicians to confidently and competently inject botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) and manage complex spasticity patients. This creates an unmet need for spasticity patients who could benefit from BoNT injections. This study measured the impact of additional BoNT injection and spasticity management training on post-residency medical practice.
designGraduates from our Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation residency from 2008 to 2024 were surveyed. Responses were collected from physicians who had residency BoNT injection and spasticity management training (RT) and compared to fellowship BoNT injection and comprehensive spasticity management training (FT).
results15 RT and 14 FT physicians completed the survey and were evaluated using descriptive statistics. Spasticity and dystonia treatments comprised an average of 10% of the RT and 62% of the FT clinical practice. BoNT injections involved 5% of the RT practice and 52% of the FT practice.
conclusionDisabling spasticity is undertreated in this country, partly due to a shortage of training programs for physicians to become skilled and confident at injecting BoNT and comprehensive spasticity management. FT programs can help meet this unmet need by increasing the number of physicians who can provide specialized BoNT injections and spasticity management.
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