ArticleToxins2026
Effects of Botulinum Toxin Type A in Essential Blepharospasm: Evidence from a Clinical and Neurophysiological Pilot Study.
Article in Toxins, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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Abstract
Essential blepharospasm (BEB) is a focal dystonia characterized by abnormal brainstem excitability and impaired inhibitory control within trigeminal-facial circuits. Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is the established first-line treatment, primarily acting at the neuromuscular junction. However, whether BoNT-A also modulates central brainstem circuits in BEB patients remains unclear, and dedicated neurophysiological studies have yielded conflicting results. To investigate whether BoNT-A modulates brainstem interneuronal excitability in BEB using the blink reflex recovery cycle and to correlate clinical outcomes with neurophysiological results. Thirteen patients with BEB underwent neurophysiological and clinical evaluation before (T0) and one month after (T1) BoNT-A treatment. The blink reflex recovery cycle was assessed at interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of 200, 300, 500, and 1000 ms. Clinical severity was assessed using the BSPSS, JRS, and BDS scales. The R2 amplitude ratio showed a statistically significant decrease after treatment across all ISIs (all
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