ArticleVaccines2026
The Moderating Role of Demographic Variables in the Effect of Health Literacy on Anti-Vaccination Sentiment.
Article in Vaccines, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectiveVaccine hesitancy continues to pose a challenge to public health, and health literacy has been suggested as a potential factor influencing vaccination attitudes. However, the nature of this relationship and the role of sociodemographic characteristics remain to be clarified. This study aimed to examine the association between health literacy and vaccine refusal and to explore whether this relationship is moderated by education level, age, income, place of residence, and gender.
methodsA cross-sectional nationwide online survey was conducted among 413 adults living in Türkiye. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 22. Distributional assumptions were evaluated using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test together with skewness and kurtosis values. Moderation analyses were performed using Hayes' PROCESS macro (Model 1), and statistical significance was set at
resultsThe study included 413 participants, most of whom were aged 18-30 years (62.7%) and female (69.3%). Health literacy showed a statistically significant negative association with vaccine refusal (β ranging from -0.30 to -0.72,
conclusionsThe findings suggest that higher health literacy is associated with lower vaccine refusal; however, this relationship appears to vary by educational level. The modest explanatory power of the models indicates that health literacy alone may not fully account for vaccine-related attitudes. Further research incorporating additional behavioral and contextual factors is warranted to better understand the determinants of vaccine refusal.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.