Encephalitic Alphaviruses: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Vaccine Development.

Nouha Kisra, Zoe de Zeeuw, George Eustace, Rose Gladman, Yong Ji, Sthefany Pagliari, Young Chan Kim

Abstract readReview

In one paragraph

Review in Vaccines, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Nouha KisraSt Hilda's College, University of Oxford, Cowley Place, Oxford OX4 1DY, UK.ORCID 0009-0008-6528-1786

Zoe de ZeeuwHertford College, University of Oxford, Cattle Street, Oxford OX1 3BW, UK.

George EustaceMagdalen College, University of Oxford, High Street, Oxford OX1 4AU, UK.

Rose GladmanLincoln College, University of Oxford, Turl Street, Oxford OX1 3DR, UK.

Yong JiOxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.ORCID 0009-0005-4142-3581

Sthefany PagliariOxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-7304-9380

Young Chan KimOxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-2847-9407

Funding

Wellcome TrustWellcome Trust 224117/Z/21/Z

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Eastern, Venezuelan, and Western equine encephalitis viruses (EEEV, VEEV, and WEEV) are encephalitic alphaviruses transmitted by mosquitoes throughout the Americas. Infection by these viruses can present in humans as a febrile illness; however, it may progress into potentially life-threatening encephalitis. Currently, no publicly licensed vaccines are available, and at-risk individuals are restricted to superseded vaccines. Here, we will review recent advances in our understanding of how these viruses spread among animal populations and cause disease, and how we can manage their diagnosis and treatment. Additionally, we have summarised the recent developments in vaccines against these viruses in both pre-clinical and clinical stages. Overall, global climate change and ecological disruption drive a need for public access to safe and effective vaccines against EEEV, VEEV, and WEEV, which novel platforms, such as mRNA and viral vectors, may be able to achieve.

Indexed as

alphavirusarbovirusdiagnosisEastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV)encephalitic alphavirusespublic healthvaccinesVenezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV)Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV)

Identifiers

PMID42506617

DOI10.3390/vaccines14070580

PMCPMC13417499

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.