ArticleJournal of functional biomaterials2026
Sustainable Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Based Foams via Deep Eutectic Solvent Processing for pH-Responsive Drug Delivery.
Article in Journal of functional biomaterials, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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5 authors.
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Abstract
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-based materials are widely studied for functional materials and porous platform applications, yet their stability usually requires energy-intensive thermal curing or toxic chemical crosslinkers, which limit process sustainability. In this work, we present a more sustainable approach for the preparation of CMC-based foams using deep eutectic solvents (DES) as multifunctional structuring agents. CMC hydrogels were prepared with different DES at room temperature, followed by freeze-drying to obtain foams. Among the tested DES, choline chloride:oxalic acid (1:1) combined with glycerol produced foams with the most favorable properties, including high water uptake (288.24 ± 3.02% after 1 h) and water stability for 28 days. Morphological analysis revealed a homogeneous and interconnected porous network (32.2 ± 13.3 µm), while compression tests demonstrated good mechanical recovery (93.29 ± 3.12% over 10 cycles). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy suggests interactions between CMC and DES, especially hydrogen bonds. The foams exhibited pH-dependent behavior, with limited resveratrol release under acidic conditions (22.2 ± 4.0% after 24 h), with significant release at pH 7.4 (85.30 ± 5.75%) and total release at pH 13.0. Drug release kinetics suggest a diffusion-controlled mechanism under acidic pH, transitioning to anomalous transport at higher pH values. This study demonstrates that DES can be used to prepare CMC-based foams, providing a more sustainable route to porous materials. Although biological validation is needed to confirm therapeutic safety, this study provides an initial physicochemical basis for using these matrices as tunable and stimuli-responsive porous materials.
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