Amniotic Membrane-Derived Factors in Immunomodulation and Regenerative Medicine: Current Evidence and Emerging Perspectives in Biomaterials and 3D Bioprinting.

Human placenta-derived amniotic membrane (hAM) and its derivatives have attracted growing interest as bioactive materials for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and biomaterial design. This review summarizes the anatomical and cellular characteristics of hAM and examines the interplay between its regenerative and immunomodulatory properties. Key hAM-derived biomolecules are discussed, with an emphasis on their roles in immune regulation, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, and tissue repair across diverse regenerative contexts. Current applications of hAM-based materials in tissue engineering and regenerative biomaterials are reviewed, including emerging studies involving soft tissue applications. In addition, recent efforts to integrate hAM derivatives into 3D bioprinting approaches are examined, including their use as bioink components or biofunctional additives to hydrogel-based systems. Although studies involving hAM-based bioprinted constructs remain limited, the available findings suggest promising regenerative, proangiogenic, and bioactive effects. Challenges related to material processing, printability, standardization, and reproducibility are also discussed. Overall, this review highlights the biomaterial potential of hAM derivatives and their emerging relevance to biofabrication strategies aimed at developing biologically instructive constructs for regenerative medicine.