ArticleCells2026
Is Oestradiol a Key Player in the Sex Differences in Innate Immunity Through Toll-like Receptor Activation?
Article in Cells, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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6 authors.
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Abstract
Research has shown a sex-specific immune response, with males having a worse prognosis in acute inflammatory diseases. While these disparities were initially attributed to sex hormones, increasing evidence points to a predominant role for X-linked genetic factors. Toll-like receptors and several components of their signaling pathway are encoded on the X chromosome and may contribute to these differences. We investigated whether increase in circulating oestradiol influences TLR-dependent immune response. Sixteen women undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for in vitro fertilisation were studied. Whole blood collected before treatment, during stimulation and at ovulation triggering was stimulated with ligands targeting TLR2/6, TLR1/2, TLR4 and TLR7/8. TLR2, TLR4 and CD99 expression, intracellular phosphorylated NF-κB p65, ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK, and cytokine production were assessed. Oestradiol levels increased markedly during treatment (48.1 to 1819.5 pg/mL;
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