ReviewBiomacromolecules2026
Cellulose-Based Flame-Retardant Materials: Mechanisms, Evaluation, and Design Strategies.
Review in Biomacromolecules, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Cellulose-based materials are promising sustainable alternatives to petroleum-derived polymers because of their renewability, biodegradability, and structural versatility; however, their inherent flammability significantly limits their applications in fire-sensitive areas. This review presents a systematic overview of recent advances in flame-retardant cellulose-based materials, focusing on combustion fundamentals, fire-performance evaluation, and flame-retardant design strategies. The thermal decomposition behavior of cellulose is first discussed, emphasizing the competition between volatile generation and condensed-phase char formation that governs flammability. Common fire-performance evaluation methods, including thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index, vertical burning tests, and cone calorimetry, are then examined in the context of flame-retardant mechanisms. Subsequently, major preparation approaches─physical blending, surface coating, chemical modification, and grafting copolymerization─are comparatively reviewed. Representative phosphorus-, nitrogen-, boron-, silicon-, and metal-based systems are highlighted to illustrate condensed-phase, gas-phase, and synergistic flame-retardant effects. Finally, current challenges and future opportunities are discussed, focusing on durability, multifunctionality, mechanistic understanding, and scalable manufacturing. By integrating fundamental combustion principles with material design strategies, this review provides a framework for the rational development of sustainable, halogen-free, flame-retardant cellulose materials.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.