ReviewHealth science reports2026
Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Genetic Diversity of Non-Typeable
Review in Health science reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Non-typeable Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect was conducted up to May 2025. Eligible studies reporting NT-Sp carriage, molecular typing, or AMR profiles were included. Data extraction and quality assessment followed PRISMA guidelines. A meta-analysis was performed to estimate pooled prevalence of NT-Sp carriage and resistance, with subgroup and meta-regression analyses exploring heterogeneity. Methodological quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale adapted for cross-sectional studies. Only open-access and free full-text articles were included, which may have introduced selection bias. Results: Forty studies from 23 countries were included. The pooled NT-Sp carriage prevalence was 4.64% (95% CI: 2.78%-6.92%), with substantial heterogeneity ( Conclusion: NT-Sp is a globally distributed and genetically diverse pneumococcal subset with considerable AMR potential. Its persistence post-PCV introduction and resistance gene carriage highlights the need for improved detection, molecular surveillance, and consideration in next-generation vaccine development. Specifically, clinical laboratories in high-prevalence settings should adopt molecular methods (e.g., PCR or WGS) to detect NT-Sp in carriage surveillance; empirical antibiotic guidelines for pediatric respiratory infections should consider NT-Sp resistance patterns, particularly the high prevalence of co-trimoxazole resistance (67%) and next-generation PCV trials should include NT-Sp carriage as an exploratory endpoint. Integrating NT-Sp into global pneumococcal control strategies is essential.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.