ArticleJournal of the International AIDS Society2026
Nationwide Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 in Uruguay (2007-2021): Lineage Diversity, BF1 Recombinant Complexity and Epidemiological Patterns.
Article in Journal of the International AIDS Society, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Latin America and the Caribbean: Socioeconomic Realities and Implications for Health and HIV Responses.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionUruguay has one of the highest HIV incidence rates in Latin America, yet its molecular epidemiology remains underexplored. Characterizing the diversity, temporal and geographic dynamics of circulating HIV-1 lineages is essential to detect lineage-specific patterns across population groups and regions, inform tailored prevention and surveillance strategies, and understand cross-border connectivity.
methodsHIV-1 pol (PR/RT) genotyping data from 1268 people living with HIV, generated during 2007-2021 through nationwide routine genotyping, were analysed. Viral lineages and recombinants were classified using automated subtyping tools, maximum-likelihood phylogenies and recombination analyses. Associations with demographic and exposure characteristics were evaluated using Z-tests and Fisher's exact tests, and temporal trends were assessed using Pearson correlations.
resultsSixteen recognized HIV-1 lineages were identified, including four subtypes/sub-subtypes (B, C, A1 and F1) and twelve circulating recombinant forms (CRFs). Subtype B was the most frequent lineage (39.3%), followed by CRFs 12_BF (27.8%) and 38_BF1 (12.9%). An additional 8.5% of sequences formed a well-supported B/F1 recombinant clade, provisionally designated BF1.UY and not assignable to any known CRF. Temporal analyses showed opposing trends, with a significant decline in subtype B and an increasing contribution of BF1 recombinants within the genotyped dataset. Subtype B was associated with men and transmission among men who have sex with men; 38_BF1 was enriched among women and people reporting injection-related exposures; and BF1.UY predominate in reported heterosexual transmission. Geographic patterns suggested regional connectivity: 12_BF predominated in the West and the Atlantic coastal East, consistent with Argentina-linked border and tourism-related mobility, whereas Brazilian-associated variants (subtype C, 31_BC and F1) were more frequent in the Northeast and East.
conclusionsIn Uruguay, HIV-1 molecular diversity was largely shaped by sustained circulation of subtype B and BF1 recombinants, which showed distinct associations with gender, transmission-route category and geography. These lineage-specific patterns are consistent with partially overlapping transmission networks among Uruguayan subpopulations and viral exchange across border areas. The growing contribution of BF1 recombinants within the genotyped dataset, together with geographically structured diversity in areas connected to Argentina and Brazil, highlights the need for sustained molecular surveillance integrated with epidemiological data and regional collaboration to track HIV-1 diversification and spread.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.