Caregiver Strain and Quality of Life in Parents of Offspring With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Moderating Effects of Caregiver Age and Mutuality.

E Virginia Sticinski, Valerie A Earnshaw, Steven Eidelman, Allison Karpyn, Sheau C Chai

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Article in Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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5 authors.

E Virginia SticinskiDepartment of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Delaware, 111 Allison Hall, Newark, DE, USA. esticins@udel.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1172-5280

Valerie A EarnshawDepartment of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Delaware, 111 Allison Hall, Newark, DE, USA.

Steven EidelmanDepartment of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Delaware, 111 Allison Hall, Newark, DE, USA.

Allison KarpynDepartment of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Delaware, 111 Allison Hall, Newark, DE, USA.

Sheau C ChaiDepartment of Health Behavior and Nutrition Sciences, University of Delaware, 26 North College Ave, Newark, DE, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeTo examine caregiver age and mutuality as moderators in the relationship between caregiver strain and quality of life (QoL) among caregivers of offspring with intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD).

methodsA cross-sectional online survey was conducted with 186 parents of offspring with I/DD. Moderation and three-way interaction analyses were performed using Hayes' PROCESS macro to test caregiver age, mutuality, and their interaction as moderators of the association between caregiver strain and quality of life.

resultsThe three-way interaction (caregiver strain × mutuality × caregiver age) was statistically significant (p = .01). Higher mutuality buffered the negative impact of caregiver strain on quality of life, but only among younger caregivers.

conclusionMutuality serves as an important buffer against the detrimental effects of caregiver strain on quality of life for younger caregivers. However, this buffering effect diminishes as caregivers age. Interventions may benefit from an age-tailored approach, such as enhancing mutuality and relational support for younger caregivers while prioritizing tangible, practical support for older caregivers. These strategies could strengthen the design and delivery of caregiver support programs and policies.

Indexed as

Caregiver ageCaregiver strainCross-sectional studyFamily systems theoryIntellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD)Moderation analysisMutualityQuality of life (QoL)

Identifiers

PMID42501217

DOI10.1007/s10803-015-2412-y

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.