ArticleMycotoxin research2026
Eleven-year monitoring of aflatoxins in hazelnuts from Türkiye: occurrence and regulatory compliance.
Article in Mycotoxin research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Aflatoxins are among the most hazardous mycotoxins affecting the safety and international trade of nut commodities worldwide. Hazelnuts are particularly susceptible to contamination due to favorable environmental conditions during harvesting, drying, and storage. Türkiye is the world's leading hazelnut producer, accounting for a substantial proportion of global production, which highlights the importance of continuous monitoring of aflatoxin contamination in this commodity. The present study investigated the occurrence, concentration levels, and co-occurrence patterns of aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2) in hazelnuts collected in Türkiye during an eleven-year monitoring period (2014-2024). A total of 3895 hazelnut samples collected from the Black Sea region of Türkiye during the period 2014-2024 were analyzed using immunoaffinity column clean-up followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection and post-column photochemical derivatization. The analytical method was validated and demonstrated adequate sensitivity and performance for the determination of aflatoxins in hazelnut samples. AFB1 was detected in 55.15% of the samples, while at least one aflatoxin was detected at or above the limit of quantification (LOQ) in 69.96% of the samples. Mean total aflatoxin concentrations ranged from 0.37 to 1.15 µg kg⁻¹ across the monitoring period. Only 0.59% of samples exceeded the European Union maximum limit for AFB1 and 0.28% exceeded the limit for total aflatoxins. These results indicate that although aflatoxins are frequently detected in hazelnuts, contamination levels generally remain low and largely comply with European Union regulatory standards.
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