Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42500743›Full record

ArticleNational science review2026

Smaller is stronger: topological load-bearing of crumpled 2D macromolecule.

Runze Liang, Kai Kang, Huichao Liu, Yingbo Yan, Yan Chen, Yilun Liu

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in National science review, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Runze LiangLaboratory for Multiscale Mechanics and Medical Science, SV LAB, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
Kai KangLaboratory for Multiscale Mechanics and Medical Science, SV LAB, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
Huichao LiuLaboratory for Multiscale Mechanics and Medical Science, SV LAB, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
Yingbo YanLaboratory for Multiscale Mechanics and Medical Science, SV LAB, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8375-3140
Yan ChenLaboratory for Multiscale Mechanics and Medical Science, SV LAB, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
Yilun LiuLaboratory for Multiscale Mechanics and Medical Science, SV LAB, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) macromolecules are atomically thin materials capable of forming crumpled configurations with complex topologies, defining a new paradigm in macromolecular mechanics. Here, we unveil a universal negative size effect, where smaller sheets yield substantially stronger load-bearing capabilities than larger ones. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate a negative scaling between compression pressure or modulus and the Föppl-von Kármán number, with the power index determined by crumpling density but independent of material type. Energy analysis indicates that smaller sheets form dense ridge networks with minimal self-folding, enabling efficient load transfer and energy absorption. During densification, a constant ridge-to-vertex increment ratio of 1.5 preserves the superior ridge density of small sheets. Experiments on paper, aluminum foil, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and silicone rubber confirm this behavior across disparate length scales and across material classes. This work reveals the mechanics underlying size-dependent crumpling in 2D macromolecules and provides principles for designing structural metamaterials with tunable load-bearing characteristics.

Indexed as

2D macromoleculesconfined mechanicssize effectstructure–property relationtopological load-bearing

Identifiers

PMID42500743
PMCPMC13397538

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.