ArticleFrontiers in plant science2026
Elite donors and stable marker-trait associations for grain iron and zinc biofortification in rice under organic and inorganic production systems.
Article in Frontiers in plant science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Micronutrient malnutrition caused by iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) deficiency remains a major concern for rice-based diets. Genetic enhancement for higher grain Fe and Zn concentration, along with grain yield, is an important breeding objective under organic and inorganic production systems. To develop genetic resources for sustainable biofortification, this study evaluated phenotypic variation, genetic diversity, and marker-trait associations (MTAs) for grain Fe and Zn concentration in a diverse set of 80 rice genotypes, which included both landraces and modern varieties. Results: Substantial genotypic variation and genotype × environment interactions were observed for both micronutrients, with grain Fe showing greater environmental responsiveness than Zn. Moderate genetic variability coupled with high heritability indicated good scope for selection. Coloured rice landraces consistently recorded higher grain Fe and Zn concentration compared to white rice genotypes. BLUP-based ranking combined with mean performance across organic and inorganic systems identified Kamban samba, Garudan samba, Basmati, Annam alagi, Valan samba, and Sempalai, as superior donors for grain micronutrient improvement. Notably, correlation analysis revealed weak and non-significant associations between grain micronutrients and key agronomic traits, including grain yield, suggesting that nutritional enhancement can be achieved without compromising productivity. Molecular analysis using 32 previously reported Fe and Zn-related SSR markers together with five gene-specific markers revealed moderate allelic diversity with weak population stratification. Single-marker analysis (SMA) identified 15 significant MTAs, including both stable and production system-specific associations. Gene-specific markers such as OsYSL2b and OsNRAMP7 showed significant associations, particularly under organic production systems. Conclusion: Grain colour and production systems significantly influenced micronutrient accumulation. The weak association between grain micronutrients and agronomic traits indicates strong potential for developing high-yielding and nutrient-dense rice genotypes without adverse linkage drag. The identification of elite donor genotypes and associated molecular markers provides a useful framework for marker-assisted biofortification breeding under diverse and sustainable production systems.
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