Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42494713›Full record

ArticleLinguistics vanguard : multimodal online journal2026

Is deeper always better? Replacing linear mappings with deep learning networks in the Discriminative Lexicon Model.

Maria Heitmeier, Valeria Schmidt, Hendrik P A Lensch, R Harald Baayen

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Linguistics vanguard : multimodal online journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Maria HeitmeierEberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Valeria SchmidtEberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Hendrik P A LenschEberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
R Harald BaayenEberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Recently, deep learning models have increasingly been used in cognitive modelling of language. This study asks whether deep learning can help us to better understand the learning problem that needs to be solved by speakers, above and beyond linear methods. We utilize the Discriminative Lexicon Model introduced by Baayen and colleagues, which models comprehension and production with mappings between numeric form and meaning vectors. While so far, these mappings have been linear (linear discriminative learning; LDL), in the present study we replace them with deep dense neural networks (deep discriminative learning; DDL). We find that DDL affords more accurate mappings for large and diverse datasets from English and Dutch, but not necessarily for Estonian and Taiwan Mandarin. DDL outperforms LDL in particular for words with pseudo-morphological structure such as

Indexed as

deep learningDiscriminative Lexicon Modelfrequency effectslexical decisionlinear discriminative learning

Identifiers

PMID42494713
PMCPMC13393313

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.