ArticleFrontiers in medicine2026
Integrated heart rate and oxygen uptake recovery phenotypes reveal heterogeneous recovery patterns in coronary artery disease.
Article in Frontiers in medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Heart rate recovery (HRR) and oxygen uptake (VO₂) recovery provide complementary information regarding autonomic and metabolic recovery following exercise; however, their integrated assessment remains insufficiently explored in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: This retrospective observational study included 200 patients with stable CAD who underwent symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). HRR at 1 min (HRR1), ΔVO₂ values, and VO₂ recovery indices were analyzed, and patients were classified according to combined HRR and VO₂ recovery patterns using a 2 × 2 recovery framework. Results: HRR1 was significantly correlated with ΔVO₂1 ( Discussion: Post-exercise recovery in CAD appears to be a multidimensional physiological process that cannot be fully characterized by a single parameter. Integrated assessment of HRR and VO₂ recovery may provide a framework for recovery characterization before cardiac rehabilitation, and prospective studies are needed to validate the clinical applicability of this approach.
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