ArticlePsychiatry investigation2026
Temperament Subtypes and Psychopathology Among Clinically Referred Juvenile Offenders.
Article in Psychiatry investigation, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveTo identify temperament-based subtypes and psychopathological profiles among court-referred juvenile offenders to inform individualized assessment and intervention strategies.
methodsSeventy-two offenders were assessed using junior temperament and character inventory (JTCI) (novelty seeking, harm avoidance, and reward dependence). Subtypes were identified via two-step cluster analysis and compared using Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent-Restructured Form (MMPI-A-RF) scores.
resultsThree stable subgroups emerged: relationship-dependent conformist (Cluster 1; 25.0%), isolated internalizing risk (Cluster 2; 38.9%), and impulsive externalizing risk (Cluster 3; 36.1%). Cluster 1 showed minimal psychopathology. Clusters 2 and 3 both exhibited elevated psychopathology relative to Cluster 1, including comparable elevations in thought dysfunction and ideas of persecution. However, the two high-risk clusters differed in their relative profiles: Cluster 2 showed higher social withdrawal (elevated introversion/low positive emotionality), whereas Cluster 3 demonstrated relatively greater behavioral disinhibition, reflected in elevated behavioral/externalizing dysfunction, antisocial behavior, and disconstraint.
conclusionTemperament-based subtyping reveals clinically meaningful heterogeneity even among offenders with similar levels of distress. Integrating JTCI and MMPI-A-RF enhances assessment precision and supports tailored forensic interventions.
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