Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42493654›Full record

ArticleJournal of neurology2026

Autoimmune encephalitis in eastern China over last decade: a multi-center retrospective study.

Jingguo Wang, Xilong Wang, Qinming Zhou, Lu He, Huanyu Meng, Siyu Dong, Yong Hao, Yanlin Zhang, Yajun Lian, Shengjun Wang and 1 more

Abstract readMulticenter Study
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of neurology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Jingguo Wang *Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Xilong Wang *Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Qinming Zhou *Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Lu HeDepartment of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Huanyu MengDepartment of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Siyu DongDepartment of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Yong HaoDepartment of Neurology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Yanlin ZhangDepartment of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, China.
Yajun LianDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
Shengjun WangDepartment of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
Sheng ChenDepartment of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. mztcs@163.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7428-7153

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China 82271383National Natural Science Foundation of China 82471387
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND

objectiveAutoimmune encephalitis (AE) is an increasingly recognized inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system associated with autoantibodies against intracellular and surface membrane autoantigens. However, longitudinal studies for describing changes about diagnosis, therapeutic approaches, and economic burden of AE in China remain limited.

methodsWe conducted a retrospective multi-center study, including 436 patients with definite AE diagnosed between January 2015 and December 2024 across five tertiary medical centers in eastern China. Evolution of demographic characteristics, diagnostic approaches, immunotherapies, clinical outcomes, and inpatient costs were systematically reviewed.

resultsThe annual number of diagnosed AE cases increased steadily over the past decade, accompanied by a diversification of AE subtypes. Anti-NMDAR and anti-LGI1 encephalitis remained the most common forms, while cases with novel antibodies and antibody-negative AE increased notably after 2019, paralleling expanded antibody testing and PET imaging. Median diagnostic delay decreased significantly from 87 days in 2015 to 22 days in 2024. The use of second-line treatment rose substantially, reaching 46.4% in 2024. Correspondingly, the proportion of patients achieving good favorable outcome (mRS ≤ 2) significantly increased over time. Inpatient costs showed an overall upward trend across all AE subtypes, particularly after 2020, reflecting broader application of advanced diagnostics and immunotherapies.

conclusionsThis study reveals the evolution of diagnosis, treatment, and economic burden of AE in Eastern China, characterized by earlier diagnosis, expanded therapeutic strategies, and improved clinical outcomes. Rising inpatient costs underscore the need to balance healthcare expenditures with therapeutic benefits, particularly across heterogeneous AE subtypes.

Indexed as

EncephalitisHashimoto DiseaseAdolescentAdultAgedAutoantibodiesChinaFemaleHumansImmunotherapyMaleMiddle AgedRetrospective StudiesYoung AdultAutoantibodiesAutoimmune encephalitisClinical outcomesImmunotherapyInpatient costMulticenter study

Identifiers

PMID42493654

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.