ArticleInternational journal of nanomedicine2026
A Biocompatible Microdroplet Platform Incorporating MSC-Derived Exosomes for Bone Regeneration and Osteoporosis Treatment.
Article in International journal of nanomedicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Postmenopausal osteoporosis, characterized by progressive loss of bone mass and deterioration of skeletal microarchitecture, remains a major public health concern worldwide. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-Exos) are nanosized extracellular vesicles enriched with bioactive cargo, have emerged as potent cell-free mediators of tissue regeneration and immunomodulation. However, their clinical translation is hindered by rapid clearance and insufficient retention at target sites. In this study, we developed a biocompatible microdroplet (MD)-based delivery platform incorporating MSC-derived exosomes (MD/Exos) and evaluated its therapeutic potential for osteoporosis treatment. Methods: MSC-Exos were isolated from human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) and characterized by transmission electron microscopy and exosomal marker analysis. MD/Exos were fabricated and evaluated for cellular uptake and cytocompatibility. The effects of MD/Exos on hBMSC proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and macrophage inflammatory responses were investigated in vitro. Therapeutic efficacy was further assessed in an ovariectomy-induced osteoporotic rat model through histological and cytokine analyses. Results: MSC-Exos exhibited characteristic exosomal morphology and were efficiently internalized by both hBMSCs and RAW264.7 macrophages. The fabricated MD/Exos system demonstrated excellent cytocompatibility in vitro and favorable histocompatibility in vivo. In vitro, MD/Exos significantly enhanced osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs and altered macrophage inflammatory cytokine profiles, suggesting a coordinated effect on osteogenesis and inflammatory regulation. In an ovariectomy-induced osteoporotic rat model, MD-Exo treatment effectively preserved trabecular bone microarchitecture, reduced marrow adiposity, and markedly inhibited osteoclast activity. Conclusion: MD/Exos represent a promising exosome delivery strategy for osteoporosis treatment.
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