ArticlePloS one2026
A decade of progress and challenges in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) coverage in Bangladesh: Insights from Bangladesh demographic and health survey 2011-2022.
Article in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAccess to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) remains a critical global public health challenge, with an estimated 2 billion people lacking safe drinking water and basic hygiene services. In Bangladesh, disparities in WASH access persist across regions and socioeconomic groups. This study assesses decade-long changes in WASH coverage, examines its distribution across socio-demographic groups, identifies key associated factors, and highlights underserved regions and population subgroups.
methodsData from four rounds of the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) (2011-2022) were analyzed. WASH indicators were classified as improved or unimproved based on WHO-UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) 2017 guidelines and applied consistently across all survey rounds. Spatial mapping was used to assess regional disparities, while regression models identified factors associated with WASH facilities. A classification tree approach was used to explore interactions among predictors.
resultsOver the decade (2011-2022), access to improved drinking water remained high (above 98%), with improvements in sanitation (22 percentage points), hygiene (30.5 percentage points), and overall WASH facilities (28 percentage points). Classification tree analysis identified wealth index as the most important determinant. Regional disparities were evident, with higher coverage in Dhaka, Rajshahi, and Chattogram, and lower coverage in Barishal and Mymensingh. Wealthier households had higher odds of improved WASH facilities (AOR: 8.72 [6.74, 11.3] in 2011; 9.35 [8.31, 10.5] in 2022) compared to poorer households. Households with more higher educated heads also had higher odds (AOR: 7.10 [5.80, 8.69] in 2011; 3.44 [2.99, 3.96] in 2022) compared to those with no formal education. Other associated factors included family size, region, media access, and mobile ownership.
conclusionKey determinants of WASH access, including wealth, education, and regional disparities, remained largely unchanged over time. Achieving SDG 6 requires targeted subsidies for socioeconomically disadvantaged households, region-specific interventions in underserved areas such as Barishal and Mymensingh, and strengthened awareness programs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.