ReviewPediatric cardiology2026
US Adult Congenital Heart Disease Fellowship Match Outcomes in the Context of the Global ACHD Workforce.
Review in Pediatric cardiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The growing population of adults with congenital heart disease has created a critical workforce shortage. This study analyzes recent trends in Adult Congenital Heart Disease (ACHD) fellowships and evaluates associations between applicants' academic backgrounds and match outcomes. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using National Resident Matching Program data for Adult Congenital Heart Disease (ACHD) fellowship applicants in the United States from 2019 to 2025. Temporal trends in applicant volume, available positions, and match outcomes were evaluated using chi-square goodness-of-fit tests and Pearson correlation analyses. From 2019 to 2025, 113 applicants applied to Adult Congenital Heart Disease (ACHD) fellowships; 70 (53%) were U.S. MDs, all of whom successfully matched. A total of 151 positions were offered, of which 101 were filled. Over the study period, the total number of applicants increased (χ² = 14.3, p = 0.026), driven by significant growth in non-U.S. MD applicants (χ² = 17.1, p = 0.009). The number of unfilled programs also increased significantly (χ² = 7.71, p = 0.026). Among U.S. MD applicants, match rates were significantly correlated with matching within the top three choices (r = 0.842, p = 0.018) and first-choice programs (r = 0.823, p = 0.023), with no correlation observed for unmatched applicants (r = - 0.416, p = 0.353). In contrast, match outcomes for non-U.S. MD applicants were positively correlated with matching within the top three choices (r = 0.777, p = 0.040) and with unmatched applicants (r = 0.860, p = 0.013), and not with first-choice programs (r = 0.733, p = 0.061). The ACHD fellowship presented a period of stable growth in positions and programs. Despite this growth, the number of unfilled programs increased annually. Applicant trends suggest that individuals with diverse academic backgrounds represent a potential source of significant growth. However, their outcomes reflect a more competitive reality compared with their U.S. MD counterparts. Policies addressing these outcome disparities are recommended to help mitigate the workforce shortage in unfilled ACHD programs.
Indexed as
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.