ArticleJournal of autism and developmental disorders2026
The Empathy Quotient and Systemising Quotient for Toddlers: Development and Validation.
Article in Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
purposeEmpathy and systemising are traits that show on-average differences between autistic and non-autistic groups and have informed major theoretical frameworks of autism. While these constructs have been researched extensively in older age groups, no equivalent questionnaire-based measures exist for toddlers.
methodsHere, we developed and validated toddler (T) versions of the Empathy Quotient (EQ-T) and Systemising Quotient (SQ-T) in 1,005 toddlers (572 males, 433 females) aged 1.5 to 4 years (mean = 32.75 months). Parents completed these online along with the Quantitative Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (Q-CHAT), which measures autistic traits.
resultsResults indicated that (a) the EQ-T and SQ-T show good reliability, (b) EQ-T scores negatively predicted and SQ-T scores positively predicted autistic traits, and (c) on average, EQ-T scores were higher in females (d = 0.16), while no significant sex differences were observed in SQ-T scores (d = -0.09).
conclusionThese newly validated measures open various further avenues to better understand the early profiles and developmental pathways associated with autism.
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