ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Coexpression of GITRL confers resistance to Treg cell-mediated immunosuppression to anti-CD19 CAR-NK cells.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Regulatory T cells play a pivotal role in shaping immune interactions, limiting antitumor immunity, and impairing the activity of engineered effector cells. Overcoming regulatory T (Treg) cell-mediated immunosuppression is critical to unlock the full therapeutic potential of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-cell therapies. Here, we develop "armored" anti-CD19 CAR-NK cells coexpressing GITR ligand (GITRL) (CAR19-GITRL-NK) to both target malignant B cells and locally counteract Treg-mediated suppression. GITR is highly expressed on Tregs, and engagement by its ligand GITRL can modulate their function, providing a rational strategy to reprogram the tumor microenvironment. Methods: We generated anti-CD19 NK-92 and primary peripheral blood NK (PB-NK) cells with or without GITRL coexpression using lentiviral vectors, and evaluated their functionality and therapeutic potential. CAR19-GITRL-NK-92 cells were analyzed regarding their expansion, metabolism, cytotoxicity, cytokine secretion, degranulation, and Results: CAR19-GITRL-NK-92 cells displayed superior expansion and enhanced metabolic fitness. Functionally, both CAR constructs increased the cytotoxicity of NK-92 and cytokine secretion against CD19⁺ Nalm-6 and Namalwa cells in vitro. RNA-Seq revealed 54 upregulated and 34 downregulated genes in CAR19-GITRL-NK-92 versus CAR19-NK-92 cells, with enrichment of pathways linked to immune activation, proliferation, chemotaxis, and cytotoxicity, including increased expression of NCR2, CD2, CMKLR1, IRF5, KIT, and PTPN3. Discussion: Collectively, these data position CAR19-GITRL-NK cells as a potent and innovative strategy that couples direct tumor targeting with active undermining of Treg-driven immunosuppression for the treatment of B-cell leukemias and lymphomas.
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