Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42488411›Full record

ReviewFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2026

Foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural protein antibody detection: from DIVA serology to repeated-epitope design and multi-species field surveillance.

Yang Bai, Kaili Gao, Siqi Wang, Shuchang Cheng, Luyu Mao, Yiming Chang, Lianmin Li, Yongli Guo, Mingchun Gao

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Yang Bai *Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
Kaili Gao *Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
Siqi WangHeilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
Shuchang ChengHeilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
Luyu MaoHeilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
Yiming ChangHeilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
Lianmin LiHeilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
Yongli GuoDepartment of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
Mingchun GaoHeilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Surveillance for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in vaccinated populations requires tests that distinguish vaccine-induced immunity from infection-associated exposure. Structural protein antibodies help assess vaccine response and serotype-specific protection, whereas antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) non-structural proteins (NSPs) support DIVA (differentiating infected from vaccinated animals) interpretation only when vaccine purity and vaccination history are considered. Residual NSPs in incompletely purified vaccines, repeated vaccination, antibody kinetics, host species and assay cut-offs all influence interpretation. This Mini Review examines NSP antibody detection based on 3ABC, 3B/VPg repeated-epitope design, complementary NSP targets, competitive or blocking ELISA, multi-species-compatible assays and emerging field-deployable formats. It does not rank platforms as universally superior; instead, it considers reported performance, validation context and field setting. NSP serology is most useful when combined with vaccination records, structural protein serology, RT-qPCR and epidemiological investigation. It can flag possible subclinical exposure or post-outbreak risk, but it is not a standalone test for current shedding, persistent infection or carrier status.

Indexed as

Antibodies, ViralEpitopesFoot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease VirusViral Nonstructural ProteinsAnimalsEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayEpidemiological MonitoringSerologic TestsViral VaccinesAntibodies, ViralEpitopesViral Nonstructural ProteinsViral Vaccines3B/VPgDIVAELISAfoot-and-mouth disease virusmulti-species surveillancenon-structural proteinrepeated-epitope designrisk-based surveillance

Identifiers

PMID42488411
PMCPMC13388092

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.