ArticleFrontiers in public health2026
Manikin-based practice combined with scenario-based simulation for cardiopulmonary resuscitation training among middle school students: study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is highly fatal, and the timely delivery of high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is critical for improving survival outcomes. However, current CPR training for middle school students is still mainly based on traditional teaching methods, with limited real-life scenario simulation, making it difficult to effectively enhance skill application and emergency response capacity. Manikin-based training and scenario-based drama review, as important forms of experiential learning, may offer a promising approach to optimizing CPR training models. However, high-quality evidence regarding their effectiveness in middle school populations remains limited. Methods: A single-blind cluster randomized controlled trial with a 2 × 2 factorial design will be conducted in a middle school in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. A total of 160 eligible middle school students will be recruited and randomly assigned in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to four groups: conventional CPR training group, manikin-based training group, scenario-based drama review group, and combined manikin-based training plus scenario-based drama review group. Each training session will last 90 min. The primary outcomes are CPR-related knowledge score and skill performance score. Secondary outcomes include self-efficacy (behavioral performance and evaluation), behavioral intention, course satisfaction, and skill retention rate. Data will be collected at Baseline assessment (T0), immediate post-first training assessment (T1), 3-month post-first training assessment (T2), immediate post-second training assessment (T3), 3-month post-second training follow-up (T4). Discussion: This study applies a CPR training model integrating manikin-based practice and scenario-based drama review, and systematically evaluates the independent effects and interaction effects of different intervention components using a factorial design. The expected findings will provide more practical and effective intervention strategies for CPR training among middle school students, and offer empirical evidence for optimizing school-based first aid education systems and informing relevant policy development. Clinical trial registration: https://www.chictr.org.cn, Identifier, ChiCTR2600124162.
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