Non-animal models in undergraduate education: opportunities, applications, and future directions.

The use of animals in education and research has received increased scrutiny due to ethical and pedagogical considerations. Researchers have used non-animal models in immunology, medical, and veterinary disciplines for decades. Conversely, in education, there has been a reduced focus on teaching the theoretical and practical applications of these technologies. This has resulted in a gap between research and practice, limiting student exposure to the potential advantages of these technologies. In the last few decades, as non-animal technologies have become more sophisticated and widely available, the traditional reliance on animal models has slowly declined. With the emergence of new approach methodologies (NAMs), including organoids, organ-on-chip systems, bioprinting, computer simulations and other interactive digital tools, these offer authentic experiences while significantly reducing the need for animal use. Technologies such as organoids and computer simulations are now being increasingly introduced into undergraduate education. This "On The Horizons" narrative examines current non-animal model technologies, their benefits and limitations, and their implications for the evolving landscape of higher education. Importantly, the technologies covered in this paper have the potential to improve the student experience in programs that traditionally require the use of animals.