ArticlePloS one2026
AI-based color vision screening and educational counseling for high school students: An experimental study.
Article in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Color vision deficiency (CVD) can negatively affect students' learning experiences and career choices; however, combined screening and educational counseling remain challenging in school settings, particularly in low-resource contexts. Conventional paper-based color vision tests are time-consuming, difficult to standardize, and rarely linked to individualized educational or career guidance. This study aimed to design, implement, and validate an Android-based mobile application that integrates CVD screening with artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted educational and career counseling for high school students. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 527 high school students in Danang, Viet Nam. The application incorporated a digital Ishihara-based screening module and an AI-assisted counseling component. Screening outcomes were compared with conventional Ishihara testing to evaluate agreement, while students' perceptions of usability, usefulness, and counseling relevance were assessed using a validated questionnaire. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, independent-samples t-tests, reliability analysis using Cronbach's alpha, and exploratory factor analysis. Seventeen students (3.23%) were identified as having CVD, including red-green, protan, deutan, and achromatopsia (complete CVD). The mobile application demonstrated high concordance with conventional screening results. No statistically significant differences were observed between students with and without CVD in overall system evaluation scores (p > 0.05). The questionnaire showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.857) and a clear multi-factor structure reflecting students' acceptance of AI-assisted educational and career counseling. These findings indicate that the proposed mHealth application offers a feasible and scalable approach for school-based CVD screening combined with personalized educational and career guidance. The system may serve as a supportive decision-making tool for students and counselors, while further validation under diverse real-world conditions and across different mobile devices is recommended.
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