ArticleAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences2026
Sociolinguistic Context Constrains Bilingual Advantages in Metacognition.
Article in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Previous studies have reported enhanced metacognitive efficiency in bilinguals, particularly when both languages are institutionally supported and used across educational and public domains. Whether this advantage extends to heritage-language bilingualism remains unclear. We tested local and global metacognition in German monolinguals, German-Turkish bilinguals, and German-Slavic bilinguals using three language-learning tasks targeting semantic inference, statistical learning, and artificial grammar learning. Contrary to predictions based on bilingual advantage and typological-distance accounts, heritage bilinguals did not show enhanced local metacognitive efficiency. German-Turkish bilinguals showed lower local metacognitive efficiency than monolinguals and German-Slavic bilinguals across tasks, and German-Slavic bilinguals showed no consistent advantage over monolinguals. By contrast, group-level measures suggested stronger global metacognitive calibration in bilingual participants. These findings indicate that bilingualism does not uniformly enhance metacognition and that sociolinguistic factors, including language status, educational use, and domain breadth of language use, may constrain or override effects of typological distance. The results distinguish local confidence monitoring from broader self-performance evaluation and identify heritage-language bilingualism as an important boundary condition for claims about bilingual metacognitive advantage.
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