ArticleFrontiers in cardiovascular medicine2026
Geriatric nutritional risk Index predicts adverse outcomes across cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: discovery in NHANES and external validation in CKM stage 4 patients undergoing PCI.
Article in Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome imposes a high burden of adverse events, yet prognostic biomarkers remain scarce. We evaluated the prognostic value of the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) across CKM stages 1-4 and in high-risk patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: This discovery-validation study utilized 16,074 adults with CKM syndrome from NHANES (1999-2018) and an external validation cohort of 2,401 CKM Stage 4 patients undergoing PCI. Primary outcomes were all-cause mortality (discovery) and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE; validation). Results: In the discovery cohort, compared with the highest GNRI quartile (Q4), Q1 was associated with significantly higher hazards of all-cause (HR 1.58; 95% CI 1.32-1.89) and cardiovascular mortality (HR 2.13; 95% CI 1.55-2.93); each 1-unit increase in GNRI was associated with a lower hazard of all-cause mortality (HR 0.95; 95% CI 0.94-0.97). In the validation cohort, Q1 vs. Q4 conferred a markedly increased risk of MACE (HR 2.52; 95% CI 2.03-3.13), with each 1-unit increase in GNRI associated with a lower risk of MACE (HR 0.95; 95% CI 0.94-0.96). Restricted cubic splines revealed a non-linear inverse relationship, with risk rising sharply below GNRI ≈ 100. Adding GNRI to a base clinical model significantly improved Harrell's C-index for MACE (Δ +0.048, Conclusions: Lower GNRI is independently associated with adverse outcomes across the CKM spectrum. In an external CKM Stage 4 PCI cohort, GNRI provided clinically meaningful incremental risk discrimination, supporting its use as an inexpensive marker to help identify higher-risk patients. Whether GNRI-guided management improves outcomes remains to be determined.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.