ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Evolutionary and functional dynamics of a leishmanolysin-like immune multigene family during early infection in
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: The evolutionary dynamics of multigene families are central to shaping host-parasite interactions and immune outcomes. In parasitic protists, expansion and diversification of surface-associated gene families enable immune evasion and host modulation, yet these mechanisms remain poorly understood in marine ciliates. Methods: We performed an integrated multi-omics analysis combining genome-wide screening using Hidden Markov Models, repeat annotation, phylogenetic inference, RNA-seq-based transcriptomic profiling, and LC-MS/MS analysis of the surface-associated fraction. Structural features of leishmanolysin-like (LSF) proteins were predicted using domain and membrane-targeting analyses, and expression dynamics were evaluated across early infection time points. Results: Genome-wide analysis identified 16 annotated LSF genes and a broader repertoire of 73 LSF-related sequences, consistent with a dynamic birth-death model of multigene family evolution. This expansion was associated with a repeat-rich genomic landscape dominated by simple and low-complexity elements, suggesting that genome plasticity contributes to diversification. LSF proteins retained conserved M8 metalloprotease domains and membrane-targeting features but displayed substantial sequence and regulatory divergence. Transcriptomic data revealed rapid and coordinated upregulation at 1 h post-infection, followed by a decline at later time points. Proteomic analysis confirmed the presence of most LSF proteins at the parasite surface and demonstrated a positive correlation between transcript abundance and protein detection. Conclusion: Our integrative multi-omics analysis reveals that the leishmanolysin-like family (LSF) of
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