ArticleFrontiers in public health2026
Comparison of zoonotic enteric disease outbreaks associated with ruminant and non-ruminant animal contact - United States, 2013-2021.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Contact with animals is a known risk factor for enteric illness outbreaks, but outbreak characteristics and pathogen distribution vary by animal type. Characterizing outbreaks associated with different animal groups can improve understanding of transmission patterns and inform prevention and response efforts. Methods: We analyzed United States outbreak data reported to CDC's National Outbreak Reporting System from 2013 to 2021 to compare outbreaks caused by Results: Among 350 outbreaks (10,741 illnesses), 36% were associated with ruminants and 64% with non-ruminants. Ruminant-associated outbreaks were primarily caused by Discussion: Zoonotic enteric outbreaks differ substantially by animal contact type in pathogen distribution, outbreak size, severity, and affected populations. Ruminant-associated outbreaks disproportionately affected adults aged 20-49 years and were more frequently associated with
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