ArticleTobacco induced diseases2026
Geographical accessibility to smoking cessation treatment facilities across 335 medical areas in Japan: A nationwide cross-sectional descriptive study using large-scale geospatial data.
Article in Tobacco induced diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionGeographical research on tobacco control has focused predominantly on tobacco retail environments, whereas spatial accessibility studies using methods such as Enhanced Two-Step Floating Catchment Area (E2SFCA) have examined primary care but rarely smoking cessation services. This study aimed to evaluate the geographical accessibility of smoking cessation clinics and hospitals across Japan's secondary medical areas (SMAs) in a cross-sectional ecological spatial analysis using large-scale spatial data.
methodsAccessibility scores (AS) were calculated at 422804 grids nationwide using E2SFCA. Demand was defined as the smoking rate-adjusted population, and supply comprised approximately 19000 facilities registered under Japan's insurance-covered smoking cessation program. A regional typology was developed using Ward's hierarchical cluster analysis. The distribution of standardized claim ratios (SCRs) from nationwide claims data (2018-2022) was examined descriptively across clusters.
resultsOf the 335 SMAs, 319 were analyzed after excluding 16 areas with missing SCR data. The median AS varied substantially across areas (range: 286-5626). Three clusters emerged: Cluster 1, 'Low accessibility-High disparity' (24.1%); Cluster 2, 'Moderate accessibility-Low disparity' (62.4%); and Cluster 3, 'High accessibility-Low disparity' (13.5%). Clusters 2 and 3 showed similar Gini coefficients, differing primarily in AS levels. Cluster 3 showed descriptively higher SCR values (median: 117) compared with Clusters 1 and 2 (median: 93-95).
conclusionsThis study demonstrates substantial geographical disparities in the accessibility of smoking cessation services in Japan. Regions with higher accessibility tended to exhibit lower intra-regional disparities. For the implementation of the WHO FCTC Article 14, ensuring an equitable geographical distribution of services may be as important as expanding the overall number of facilities.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.