Observational studyInternational journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease2026
Carbon Emissions and Treatment Efficiency in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: The Impact of Inhaled Bronchodilators and Corticosteroids.
Observational study in International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Inhaled therapies are essential for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) management but also contribute to healthcare-related carbon emissions. Real-world evidence linking inhaler-related carbon burden to clinical outcomes remains limited. This study evaluated the relationship between inhaler-related CO Methods: This retrospective single-center observational study included patients with COPD. Patients were categorized into four groups based on the inhaled therapy: long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) monotherapy, LAMA/long-acting β2-agonists (LABA), LABA/inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), and triple therapy (LAMA/LABA/ICS). Clinical outcomes, including pulmonary function test (PFT) parameters and health-related quality of life (HRQL), were assessed over one year. Total inhaler-related CO Results: Clinical improvements in HRQL and PFT were comparable across groups, with no significant differences in ΔFEV1, ΔFVC, or ΔCAT. However, CO Conclusion: High-intensity regimens were associated with substantially increased inhaler-related CO
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