ArticleLasers in medical science2026
Influence of temporal delay in SWEEPS dual-pulse Er: YAG laser-activated irrigation on fluid dynamics in confined domain environment: an in vitro study.
Article in Lasers in medical science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The shock wave-enhanced emission photoacoustic streaming (SWEEPS) technique delivers synchronized dual-pulse Er: YAG laser energy to enhance fluid dynamics during laser-activated irrigation. The temporal delay (Tp) between consecutive pulses is a key parameter, but its influence on fluid dynamics within a confined root canal environment remains unclear. This in vitro study investigated the effects of different Tp settings on bubble morphology and transient apical peak pressure (TAPP) in a simulated root canal model. A transparent single-rooted resin anterior tooth model (apical diameter: 0.30 mm, taper: 6%, root canal length: 12 mm) was fabricated. The root canal was filled with deionized water. SWEEPS dual-pulse Er: YAG laser irrigation (20 mJ/pulse, 20 Hz) was performed at five Tp settings: 120, 210, 300, 400, and 500 µs. Bubble dynamics within the root canal were recorded using a high-speed camera system (200,000 fps). The grayscale integral of bubble images was calculated using MATLAB as a surrogate for relative bubble volume. Simultaneously, TAPP at the root apex was measured using a high-frequency pressure sensor (50 kHz). Four repeated measurements were performed per Tp group. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's HSD post-hoc test (α = 0.05). Both bubble morphology and TAPP varied significantly with Tp. At Tp = 120 µs, the bubbles generated by the first and second pulses coalesced into a single larger bubble, whereas at Tp = 300-500 µs, two independent bubbles formed sequentially. The grayscale integral (secondary cavitation volume surrogate) was significantly higher at Tp = 120 µs ((0.074 ± 0.010) ×10
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