ArticleInternational urology and nephrology2026
3D CT-based volumetric shrinkage predicts viable residual disease after chemotherapy in non-seminomatous germ cell tumors.
Article in International urology and nephrology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
purposeTo evaluate the predictive value of three-dimensional (3D) CT-based volumetric shrinkage for post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) pathology in patients with non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs).
methodsWe retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent post-chemotherapy RPLND at our tertiary care center between 2016 and 2025, of whom 52 were included in the final analysis. Retroperitoneal lymph node volumes were segmented using 3D Slicer software on pre- and post-chemotherapy contrast-enhanced CT scans. Volumetric shrinkage (Δ%Volume) and serum tumor marker changes (ΔAFP, Δβ-hCG, ΔLDH) were evaluated. Residual pathology was classified as necrosis/fibrosis, teratoma, or viable germ cell tumor (GCT). Internal validation of the predictive model was performed using 1000 bootstrap resamples.
resultsFinal pathology revealed necrosis/fibrosis in 19 (36.5%) patients, teratoma in 23 (44.2%), and viable GCT in 10 (19.2%). Median volumetric shrinkage was the greatest in the necrosis/fibrosis group (68.0%), intermediate in the teratoma group (54.4%), and the lowest in the viable GCT group (28.0%) (p = 0.001). In multivariable multinomial logistic regression, Δ%Volume was the only independent predictor of viable GCT with each 10% increment in volumetric shrinkage associated with a 51.1% reduction in the odds of viable residual disease (OR = 0.489, 95% CI 0.263-0.914, p = 0.025). ROC analysis demonstrated good discriminatory performance for predicting viable GCT (AUC = 0.904, 95% CI 0.819-0.988), with 90.0% sensitivity and 76.2% specificity at the optimal cut-off of 49.5% volumetric shrinkage. Bootstrap internal validation demonstrated limited optimism, yielding an optimism-corrected AUC of 0.866.
conclusion3D CT-based volumetric shrinkage was independently associated with viable residual disease and demonstrated good discriminatory performance for identifying viable GCT after chemotherapy. As a simple quantitative imaging biomarker, volumetric assessment may complement preoperative risk stratification in patients undergoing post-chemotherapy RPLND; however, external validation is required before routine clinical implementation.
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