ArticleSaudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society2026
Biogenic chitosan-encapsulated Cu/ZnO nanocomposite surface coating inhibits MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm establishment on orthopedic implants.
Article in Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Orthopedic implant-associated infections (IAIs), predominantly caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, represent a major clinical challenge due to antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation, which together contribute to their chronic nature. This research presents a biogenic biofilm-resistant chitosan encapsulated Cu/ZnO nanocoating (CS-Cu/ZnO NC) synthesized using Euphorbia thymofolia metabolites and applied on orthopedic implant surface (Tubular bone locked stainless steel plates). The synthesized CS-Cu/ZnO NCs were characterized physicochemically (UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM) and biologically (antibacterial, antibiofilm, antivirulence, hemolysis and cytotoxicity). Microstructural analysis using UV-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirmed the successful synthesis, crystallinity and integration of Cu/ZnO into the chitosan matrix. SEM confirmed that a thin uniform coating was formed by the layer-by-layer method compared to the conventional dip coating method. CS-Cu/ZnO NCs at MIC level (4 µg/mL) reduced virulence traits of MDR P. aeruginosa, such as motility behavior, pyocyanin production, and biofilm production by 90%, which is important for pathogenicity. These coatings demonstrated remarkable antibacterial efficacy (34 ± 1 mm), achieving a 90% reduction in P. aeruginosa populations within 4 h with 5% of Cu/ZnO NCs while exhibiting minimal cytotoxicity (< 5%) on osteoblast cell lines at the concentration range (6-10 µg/mL). Additionally, this coating stops the adhesion of P. aeruginosa biofilms on implant surfaces due to the adhesive and antimicrobial properties of chitosan and Cu/ZnO. This study demonstrates the potential of biogenic CS-Cu/ZnO NCs nanocoatings as an antibiofilm surface engineering strategy to address current limitations in preventing MDR biofilm-associated orthopedic implant infections.
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