ArticleCurrent microbiology2026
Comparative Analysis of Multidrug Resistance and Virulence in Interconnected Clinical and Environmental Salmonella Strains from Karachi, Pakistan.
Article in Current microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance and inadequate sanitation, particularly in developing nations such as Pakistan, exacerbate the impact of Salmonella, a leading cause of foodborne and clinical infections worldwide. Effective surveillance and source tracking are hindered by a lack of comprehensive analyses linking clinical and environmental strains, despite increasing reports of resistant variants. This study uses disk diffusion, conventional PCR, and ERIC-PCR to compare clinical and environmental Salmonella strains from Karachi, with an emphasis on antibiotic resistance, virulence factors, and genetic relatedness. Multidrug resistance is highly prevalent, with 63% of clinical strains (41/65) (MARi: 0.3-0.8) and 34.5% of environmental strains (22/55) (MARi: 0.4-0.7) exhibiting resistance to multiple antibiotics. All strains were capable of forming biofilms, and the correlation between MARi and biofilm formation in both sources was weak and non-significant (p > 0.05). All strains from both sources harbored core virulence genes; however, three genes, fimA, spvR, and acrA, were significantly more prevalent in clinical than in environmental strains (p < 0.001 and p = 0.023). ERIC-PCR showed low to moderate DI (0.45 to 0.75) across different clinical Salmonella serovars and moderate DI across different environmental serovars, indicating heterogeneous and homogeneous genetic relatedness. These results suggest a crucial and underexplored connection between environmental and clinical Salmonella reservoirs, implying potential environmental contamination from clinical sources. The coexistence of multidrug resistance and virulence highlights the critical need for integrated surveillance strategies to minimize the risk of widespread outbreaks.
Indexed as
Identifiers
42479189What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.