ArticleAmerican journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council2026
Exclusive Breastfeeding and Growth Trajectories Until 5 Years of Age Among Children Monitored in Primary Health Care in Brazil.
Article in American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectivesExclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is relevant for child growth, especially in contexts of socioeconomic vulnerability. This study estimates growth trajectories until 5 years of age according to EBF among children monitored in primary health care in Brazil.
methodsLongitudinal analysis using data from the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (2015-2019). EBF was characterized according to food intake markers in two age groups (0 to < 3 and 3 to < 6 months). Mixed linear models with restricted cubic splines estimated trajectories of BMI-for-age (BAZ; n = 148 705 at 0 to < 3 months, n = 135 662 at 3 to < 6 months) and height-for-age (HAZ; n = 127 812 at 0 to < 3 months, n = 108 846 at 3 to < 6 months) z-scores using repeated anthropometric measurements collected after the exposure assessment.
resultsBAZ and HAZ were significantly higher until 6 months among exclusively breastfed children. Between ages 9-36 months, EBF interruption at 0 to < 3 months was associated with higher BAZ (reaching 0.70 z, 95% CI 0.69; 0.72 at age 18 months, vs. EBF: 0.59 z, 95% CI 0.58; 0.60). Higher HAZ was observed after age 9 months among children who were not exclusively breastfed. EBF interruption at 0 to < 3 months was related to higher BAZ at age 60 months (0.62 z, 95% CI 0.49; 0.74) compared to interruption at 3 to < 6 months (0.36 z, 95% CI 0.29; 0.44).
conclusionsEBF was associated with higher BAZ and HAZ until age 6 months. Early EBF interruption led particularly to higher BAZ trajectories until age 5 years. Promoting adequate infant feeding practices may improve child growth.
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