Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42477841›Full record

Trial reportAddiction science & clinical practice2026

Analysis of the costs and reach of transportation services to reduce barriers to opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment: evidence from the Kentucky HEALing Communities Study.

Drew D Speer, Joshua L Bush, Don Lochana Ekanayake, Julie Nakayima, Michael M Goetz, Jennifer Miles, Elizabeth Larimore, Hannah K Knudsen, Sharon L Walsh, Kathryn E McCollister

Registry-linked trialAbstract readMulticenter StudyRandomized Controlled Trial
In one paragraph

Trial report in Addiction science & clinical practice, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04111939 (HEALing Communities Study), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT04111939 nacompletednot on this map

HEALing Communities Study: Developing and Testing an Integrated Approach to Address the Opioid Crisis

TypeinterventionalSponsorRTI InternationalRan2019 to 2025Enrolled67ConditionsOpioid Use Disorder (OUD)ArmsCommunities That HEAL, Wait-list control
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Drew D SpeerSubstance Use Priority Research Area, University of Kentucky, 845 Angliana Avenue, Lexington, KY, 40508, USA. drew.speer@uky.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5314-3262
Joshua L BushCollege of Public Health, University of Kentucky, 111 Washington Avenue, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
Don Lochana EkanayakeDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th Street, Suite 1019, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
Julie NakayimaSubstance Use Priority Research Area, University of Kentucky, 845 Angliana Avenue, Lexington, KY, 40508, USA.
Michael M GoetzSubstance Use Priority Research Area, University of Kentucky, 845 Angliana Avenue, Lexington, KY, 40508, USA.
Jennifer MilesSubstance Use Priority Research Area, University of Kentucky, 845 Angliana Avenue, Lexington, KY, 40508, USA.
Elizabeth LarimoreSubstance Use Priority Research Area, University of Kentucky, 845 Angliana Avenue, Lexington, KY, 40508, USA.
Hannah K KnudsenDepartment of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, 845 Angliana Avenue, Lexington, KY, 40508, USA.
Sharon L WalshSubstance Use Priority Research Area, University of Kentucky, 845 Angliana Avenue, Lexington, KY, 40508, USA.
Kathryn E McCollisterDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th Street, Suite 1019, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.

Funding

Kentucky CAN HEAL (Communities and Networks Helping End Addiction Long-term)UM1DA049406 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY · PI WALSH, SHARON L. · 2019 to 2022
$81.7M
Kentucky TRIALS Research CenterU01DA036158 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY · PI LEUKEFELD, CARL G · 2013 to 2017
$3.4M
NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA036158NIDA NIH HHS UM1 DA049406NIH HHS UM1DA049406
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundMedications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) have been proven to be the most effective method for treating individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD). Individuals who are retained on methadone and buprenorphine treatment have a decreased risk of mortality when compared to others with OUD. However, many individuals in need of MOUD face transportation barriers that prevent them from having the requisite access to treatment.

methodsAs part of the evidence-based practices (EBPs) implemented throughout the HEALing (Helping to End Addiction Long-term

resultsThroughout 2023, we partnered with thirty agencies across eight counties to administer $437,481.69 in transportation support services to 7,923 individuals. These services were distributed primarily to individuals who were white (81.8%; 6,483), female (51.9%; 4,112) and between the ages of 35-54 (59.8%; 4,737). The number of individuals reached and expenses were largest among the five urban counties (5,999; $318,317.15), which averaged $53.06 per person. Within the five urban counties, we worked with 23 agency partners and the average agency costs were $10,993.72. Across the three rural counties, costs averaged $61.94 per person reached (1,924; $119,164.54). Among the seven agency partners across the three rural counties, average agency costs were $9,235.38.

conclusionsBy gaining an understanding of the populations benefiting from these services, breadth of services provided, and the costs required to address this barrier to care, we may more effectively inform decision-makers on the resources needed to link and retain individuals in treatment.

trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04111939. Registered 30 September 2019, https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov/ct2/show/NCT04111939 .

Indexed as

Health Services AccessibilityOpiate Substitution TreatmentOpioid-Related DisordersTransportationTransportation of PatientsBuprenorphineCosts and Cost AnalysisFemaleHumansKentuckyMethadoneBuprenorphineMethadoneBarriers to careEconomicsOUD policySubstance useTransportation

Identifiers

PMID42477841
PMCPMC13679114

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.