ArticleBMC public health2026
Economic burden and return on investment of immunization programs in Saudi Arabia: a health economic evaluation.
Article in BMC public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundVaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) continue to impose a significant health and economic burden globally, despite advances in immunization programs. Narrower to the context of Saudi Arabia, the current literature consistently shows that the high vaccination coverage has had the primary impact of reducing disease incidence. Regardless, the broader economic impact of VPDs and the financial benefits of immunization remain important for policy evaluation within Saudi Arabia.
methodsThis study employed a model-based economic evaluation using a societal perspective in order to carry out an estimation of the economic burden of measles, influenza, and pneumococcal diseases. We utilized the Cost of Illness (COI) approach for the purpose of quantifying direct medical costs and indirect productivity losses. On the other hand, the Value of Statistical Life (VSL) approach helped in the estimation of the monetary value of mortality reduction. A comparative framework analyzed current vaccination coverage against a counterfactual no-vaccination scenario for the calculation of the return on investment (ROI).
resultsThe estimated annual economic burden of the three selected VPDs in the absence of vaccination was USD 385 (95% CI: 315-460) million. Immunization programs generated substantial economic benefits, with total benefits estimated at USD 1085 (95% CI: 815-1360) million annually. The calculated ROI was 9.85 (95% CI: 6.8-11.3), essentially an indication that for each dollar invested in vaccination, there was multiple economic returns yielded. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these findings.
conclusionImmunization programs in Saudi Arabia provide significant economic and public health benefits and for this reason, sustained investment in vaccination is fundamentally essential towards the reduction of disease burden, improve population health, and ultimately support long-term economic productivity.
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