ArticleBMC plant biology2026
Environmental context reveals distinct regulatory patterns in field-grown versus in vitro symbiotic protocorms of Dactylorhiza majalis (Orchidaceae).
Article in BMC plant biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundUnderstanding orchid mycorrhizas and symbiotic germination has long depended on in vitro models, yet these systems fail to capture the environmental forces shaping natural symbiosis. Here, we use RNA-seq to compare symbiotic and asymbiotic protocorms (the post-embryonic organ characteristic of orchid germination) grown in vitro with those developing in the field, allowing us to resolve how ecological context reshapes early plant physiology and plant-fungus interactions.
resultsField-grown protocorms broadly aligned with the in vitro symbiotic model, while also showing how environmental signals refine a shared core transcriptional programme. Both symbiotic conditions showed transcriptomic patterns compatible with fungal colonisation but differed in the relative contribution of regulatory, transport, and stress-associated functions. Field protocorms showed stronger activation of membrane transport and wall-associated mechanosensing pathways, while sustaining defence-related regulation at a restrained, metabolically integrated level. Under in vitro conditions, symbiotic protocorms showed enhanced activation of stress-responsive and detoxification pathways compared with field-grown ones. The expression of light-associated plastid differentiation genes was attenuated despite brief culture-related illumination. In contrast, asymbiotic protocorms showed stronger activation of light- and oxidative-stress-related responses.
conclusionsTogether, these patterns indicate that field-grown protocorms show a more integrated and environmentally modulated transcriptional organisation, whereas in vitro symbiosis is associated with stress buffering and compensatory metabolic responses. By integrating field and laboratory datasets, this work provides a more complete portrait of early orchid symbiosis and protocorm physiology, clarifying both the interpretive power and limitations of current in vitro models.
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