ArticleAesthetic plastic surgery2026
Characterization of Sex-Specific Immediate Breast Reconstruction Trends Following Mastectomy Between 2005 and 2023.
Article in Aesthetic plastic surgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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5 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundImmediate breast reconstruction (IBR) following mastectomy is a standard of care in female patients; however, the role and characteristics of IBR in male patients remain poorly defined. Here, the authors aim to investigate IBR trends in both males and females.
methodsA retrospective analysis of male and female patients undergoing mastectomy from 2005 to 2023 was conducted using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Project (NSQIP) database (n = 450,925; male = 7,445, female=443,480). The most common methods of IBR (≥ 0.1% of patients) were identified using Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes. Demographics, comorbidities, outcomes, and rates of IBR were analyzed using independent t-tests and Chi-square tests. The association between year and rate of IBR by sex was investigated using a logistic regression model.
resultsFrom 2005 to 2023, 21.0% of male (1,562) and 55.4% of female (245,750) patients underwent IBR following mastectomy (p < 0.0001). Among patients undergoing IBR, the most common male breast reconstruction procedures were nipple-areolar complex reconstruction (43.9%) and tissue expander placement (9.4%), whereas the most common female breast reconstruction procedures were tissue expander placement (42.7%) and implant placement (23.3%). The 30-day IBR surgical-site complication rate was low, with females suffering more morbidity than males (5.0% v. 3.2%, p < 0.001). There was an association between year and rate of IBR for both male (β = 0.2036, 95% CI 0.1871-0.2203, p < 0.0001) and female (β = 0.0428, 95% CI 0.0415-0.0440, p < 0.0001) patients.
conclusionsCompared to female patients, IBR remains low in male patients. However, the year-to-year growth in IBR is encouraging and may indicate increasing awareness and acceptance of reconstruction in male patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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