ArticleVeterinary medicine and science2026
Seasonal Variation and Health Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk From the Central Region of Iran.
Article in Veterinary medicine and science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in milk is a major public health concern due to its carcinogenicity and resistance to processing.
objectivesThis study assessed seasonal variation in AFM1 levels across raw, pasteurized and ultra-high-temperature (UHT) milk and quantified associated non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks.
methodsA total of 180 samples were collected over four seasons (October 2024-2025), and AFM1 concentrations were measured using HPLC-fluorescence detector (FLD). Distributional characteristics were described using medians and 95th percentile (P95) values, and prevalence estimates were reported with 95% confidence intervals. A health risk assessment was conducted using the estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard index (HI) and margin of exposure (MOE). RESULTS AND
conclusionsAFM1 was detected in all samples (6.10-176.20 ng/kg). Overall, 23.33% (95% CI: 17.7%-30.1%) exceeded the Iranian limit (100 ng/kg), and 58.88% (95% CI: 51.6%-65.8%) surpassed the EU limit (50 ng/kg). Seasonal analysis showed substantially higher contamination during warm months, with raw milk in summer presenting the highest upper tail concentration (P95: 168.57 ng/kg). Risk assessment based on P95 exposure indicated medium non-carcinogenic risk (HI: 1-10) for children across all milk types and for adults consuming raw milk. Carcinogenic risk characterization showed MOE values below 10000 for children consuming raw and pasteurized milk, indicating inadequate safety margins. These findings demonstrate that reliance on mean AFM1 concentrations underestimates health risks, especially for children. The pronounced seasonal patterns highlight the need for strengthened monitoring and targeted control strategies, with priority given to raw milk during warm seasons to protect vulnerable paediatric populations in Iran.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.