ArticleOdontology2026
ICG-mediated photothermal antimicrobial therapy against Candida albicans biofilms in the root canal system: in vitro antimicrobial activity and oxidative stress.
Article in Odontology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Fungi are strongly associated with persistent endodontic infections, with Candida albicans being the most frequently isolated species, which justifies the investigation of adjunctive therapies to conventional root canal disinfection. This study evaluated the antimicrobial, biofilm metabolic activity and oxidative effects of indocyanine green (ICG)-mediated photothermal antimicrobial therapy compared to antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) protocols against C. albicans biofilms. Biofilms were established on standardized bovine incisors distributed into five groups: methylene blue (MB) activated by red laser; curcumin (CUR) activated by blue LED; ICG activated by infrared diode laser; sterile saline (NC) as negative control; and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as positive control (PC). Antimicrobial efficacy was determined by colony-forming unit (CFU/mL) counts. Biofilm metabolic activity was assessed by XTT reduction assay, and oxidative stress was evaluated through lipid peroxidation measured by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay and protein carbonylation analysis. All treatments produced a significant reduction in CFU/mL compared with the negative control (p < 0.05), and statistically significant differences were observed between the aPDT protocols using MB or CUR and the photothermal antimicrobial therapy protocol using ICG (p < 0.05). Notably, ICG significantly reduced biofilm metabolic activity and did not differ significantly from PC (p > 0.05). The ICG group exhibited significantly higher levels of lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation compared with the other protocols (p < 0.05). ICG achieved metabolic inactivation comparable to NaOCl while inducing greater oxidative damage, supporting its potential as an adjunctive strategy for the control of persistent fungal infections in endodontics.
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