ArticleCurrent microbiology2026
Plant Volatile Nanoemulsion Resensitize Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Benzalkonium Chloride.
Article in Current microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The rising resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to benzalkonium chloride (BAC) represents a major challenge in infection control. This study developed a benzalkonium chloride-essential oil nanoemulsion (BAC-EO-NE) using Litsea cubeba and Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oils to overcome BAC resistance through terpene-mediated synergism. GC-MS profiling identified citronellal (17.3%), citronellol (13.8%), and 1,8-cineole (44.5%) as dominant membrane-active constituents. The optimized nanoemulsion displayed nanoscale droplet size (132.2 nm), narrow PDI (0.162), and stable zeta potential (-13.5 mV) with excellent thermodynamic stability. Biocompatibility studies revealed markedly reduced hemolysis (4.7 ± 0.21%) versus free BAC (9.2 ± 0.32%) and high fibroblast viability (> 77%) after 72 h. The BAC-EO-NE exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity, producing up to 2.7-fold larger inhibition zones and 4-sixfold lower MIC/MBC values compared to BAC. Notably, resistance in BAC-resistant P. aeruginosa was reversed, lowering MIC from > 350 to 65 µg/mL. The formulation effectively disrupted biofilms (MBEC 400-750 ppm) and achieved superior contact-killing kinetics on treated textiles. SYTOX Green assays confirmed increased membrane permeability in P. aeruginosa and Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). In an ex vivo porcine-skin disinfection model, BAC-EO-NE completely eradicated S. aureus within 96 h, outperforming mupirocin. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, that plant volatile nanoemulsion-assisted membrane disruption enhances bacterial susceptibility to BAC and improves antibacterial activity. The BAC-EO-NE represents a promising, biocompatible strategy for next-generation disinfectants and topical antimicrobials targeting resistant pathogens.
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