ArticleCardiovascular therapeutics2026
Influence of Magnesium Status on the Association of Tobacco Exposure With Depression in Old Patients With Heart Failure: A Cross-Sectional Study of the NHANES Database.
Article in Cardiovascular therapeutics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
aimThe aim of this study is to examine the effect of magnesium depletion score (MDS) on the relationship between tobacco exposure and depression in older patients with heart failure (HF).
methodsData from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES, 2005-2018) were analyzed in this cross-sectional study. Weighted logistic regression models were used to assess associations between MDS, tobacco exposure, and depression. Propensity score matching (PSM) was applied to minimize potential confounding.
resultsAmong 554 eligible participants, 166 presented with depression. After covariate adjustment, quitting smoking (robustness OR = 2.179, 95% CI: 1.190-3.685), current smoking (robustness OR = 1.941, 95% CI: 0.904-3.770), and serum cotinine ≥3 ng/mL (robustness OR = 1.968, 95% CI: 0.986-3.590) were significantly associated with increased depression risk. After PSM, quitting smoking (OR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.13-4.12) and cotinine ≥3 ng/mL (OR = 2.47, 95% CI: 1.06-5.75) remained significantly associated with depression. Compared with MDS ≤ 2 combined with no smoking, MDS ≤ 2 combined with quitting smoking (robustness OR = 2.375, 95% CI: 1.076-4.739) and MDS > 2 combined with quitting smoking (robustness OR = 3.142, 95% CI: 1.413-5.824) or currently smoking (robustness OR = 5.608, 95% CI: 1.790-13.661) were all linked to higher odds of depression. A significant multiplicative interaction between MDS and smoking was observed with p < 0.001. Also, MDS > 2 combined with serum cotinine ≥3 ng/mL was associated with higher odds of depression compared with MDS ≤ 2 combined with serum cotinine < 0.05 ng/mL (robustness OR = 5.258, 95% CI: 1.869-11.546).
conclusionMDS appears a possible interaction on the association between self-reported tobacco exposure and depression. Whether maintaining adequate magnesium status can help reduce depression risk in HF patients needs further validation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.