ArticleJournal of agricultural and food chemistry2026
Tormentil Rhizome Ethanolic Extract and Its Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites: Modulation of Tight Junction Integrity and Anti-Inflammatory Potential in Caco-2 Cells.
Article in Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Disruption of intestinal barrier integrity contributes to inflammation, infection, and chronic disease. Tormentil rhizome ethanolic extract (TR-EtOH), traditionally used in functional alcoholic beverages, is rich in polyphenols that undergo extensive gut microbiota metabolism. This study evaluated the phytochemical composition, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and barrier-protective effects of TR-EtOH and its gut-derived metabolites (TREMs). Microbiota metabolism markedly reduced phenolic content and antioxidant activity, consistent with the degradation of polymeric tannins. Biological activity was investigated in a Clostridioides difficile toxin-induced Caco-2 model using TEER, qPCR, Western blot, and cytokine secretion assays. TR-EtOH preserved epithelial integrity and reduced inflammatory responses, whereas TREMs showed donor-dependent effects on barrier stabilization and cytokine modulation. These findings indicate that native tormentil polyphenols and microbiota-derived metabolites may protect the intestinal barrier through complementary mechanisms, supporting their potential use in functional food and beverage development.
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