ArticleCureus2026
Breast Self-Examination (BSE) Education: An Auxiliary Preventive Measure or a Source of Anxiety?
Article in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction Breast self-examination (BSE) is promoted as a component of breast self-awareness and a preventive measure, yet its psychosocial impact remains debated. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of BSE education on self-efficacy, health anxiety, and health locus of control among Greek women. Materials and methods A prospective cohort of 298 women (mean age 48.7 ± 10.7 years) participated in a structured BSE educational intervention. Psychosocial parameters were assessed at baseline, 6, and 12 months using validated scales: general self-efficacy, health anxiety, and multidimensional health locus of control. Statistical analyses included repeated-measures ANOVA, post hoc comparisons, and regression modeling to explore temporal changes and predictors. Results BSE practice increased markedly from 44.3% (n = 132) at baseline to 92.2% (n = 271) at six months and 85.0% (n = 250) at 12 months (Cochran's Q = 188.96, p < 0.001). Self-efficacy and health anxiety scores remained stable over time (p = 0.570 and p = 0.955, respectively). Health locus of control subscales revealed small but statistically significant declines in internal control (baseline: 19.2 ± 4.9; 12 months: 18.1 ± 4.6; p < 0.001) and in attribution to "powerful others" and "chance" (p = 0.040 and p = 0.039). Regression analyses indicated that prior scores were the strongest predictors of 12-month outcomes, with age associated with greater reliance on "powerful others" (β = 0.107, p = 0.040). No increase in health anxiety was observed despite the rise in BSE practice. Conclusions BSE education significantly enhanced preventive behavior without increasing health anxiety or altering general self-efficacy. These findings support BSE education as a complementary strategy for breast health awareness, emphasizing its role in early care-seeking rather than as a substitute for formal screening.
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