ArticleBMC infectious diseases2026
Prevalence and genotype distribution of high-risk HPV in Sarawak, East Malaysia.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundCervical cancer remains a significant public health burden in Malaysia, with persistent infection by high-risk papillomavirus (hrHPV) as the primary cause. However, community-based data on HPV prevalence and genotype distribution, particularly in East Malaysia, remain limited. This study aimed to determine hrHPV prevalence, genotype distribution, and associated factors in a large community-based screening cohort in Sarawak.
methodsA retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2025 and February 2026, using data from women who participated in community-based cervical screening programs across Sarawak. Cervicovaginal samples were collected via cervical swab, liquid-based preparation, or conventional pap smear, and analyzed using the Anyplex™ II HPV HR Detection assay. HrHPV prevalence, genotype distribution, and associations with demographic and clinical factors were analysed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression.
resultsA total of 7,781 participants were included, with an overall hrHPV prevalence of 9.2%. The most frequently detected genotypes were HPV52, followed by HPV68 and HPV56, while HPV16 and HPV18 were less prevalent. Geographic variation was observed across divisions, with prevalence ranging from 3.6% to 11.7%. Ethnic variation was also noted, although differences among major ethnic groups were modest. Of these 286 participants, 82.2% had negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM), while 17.8% had abnormal Pap smear findings.
conclusionThis study provides important community-based evidence on hrHPV epidemiology in Sarawak, highlighting regional and genotype-specific variation. The predominance of non-16/18 genotypes underscores the importance of continued surveillance to inform vaccination and screening strategies in Malaysia.
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